Toxoplasmosis in cats: background and an unusual case

A Toxoplasmosis organism in fluid from the respiratory tract

What is toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a one-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, hereafter called the "toxo organism."  In humans, it may affect many different organs of the body, causing many different types of clinical signs.  The respiratory system is commonly involved and pneumonia may result.  The most common finding is a mild, flu-like illness that lasts a few days.  Most people recover uneventfully.  Even if the patient sees a physician, the illness may still be attributed to the flu unless special blood tests are run. There have been some recent studies of populations with a high rate of Toxoplasmosis infection that suggests that infection with the toxo organism may cause humans to be more likely to develop "guilt prone" neuroses and that there may be a link between Toxo and certain mental disorders such as OCD and schizophrenia. Many of the stories about this study have strongly exaggerated the strength of this link, and while there appears to be a correlation between the two, there is no evident cause.

Dirty Carrots - Image courtesy of dragonariaes

Additionally, Toxoplasmosis infection is much more likely to occur in humans due to ingestion of undercooked meat or eating or drinking substances contaminated with Toxo organisms, gardening, or eating unwashed fruits or vegetables from a garden than from infection due to sharing a home with a
cat.

How does it relate to pregnant women?

If a pregnant woman contracts toxoplasmosis just before or during pregnancy, it is possible for the toxo organism to affect the unborn baby.  It is this form of the disease that has the most dire consequences because the baby may be affected for life. Infections with Toxoplasmosis earlier in life should not cause problems with pregnancy, but any concern about this matter should be discussed with an obstetrician.

Pregnant women should not clean the litterbox if at all possible, but if they must, should wear gloves and a mask. If the litterbox is kept clean daily, the risk is lower as the Toxoplasmosis oocysts do not become infective for 1-5 days after being passed in the stool. Avoid feeding your cat raw meats, and keep your cat indoors to minimize exposure. While you do not have to get rid of your cat because you are pregnant, pregnant women should not bring new cats into the home or handle stray cats or kittens. Outdoor sandboxes should be kept covered, and any gardening should be done while wearing gloves. Avoid undercooked meats.

• From the CDC website, the definition of "cooked meats":
• For Whole Cuts of Meat (excluding poultry)
  • Cook to at least 145° F (63° C) as measured with a food thermometer placed in the thickest part of the meat, then allow the meat to rest* for three minutes before carving or consuming.
• For Ground Meat (excluding poultry)
  • Cook to at least 160° F (71° C); ground meats do not require a rest* time.
• For All Poultry (whole cuts and ground)
  • Cook to at least 165° F (74° C), and for whole poultry allow the meat to rest* for three minutes before carving or consuming.

How common is toxoplasmosis in adults?  And how common in cats?

Labwork helps diagnose Toxoplasmosis in cats and people

Exposure to the toxo organism will result in the production of antibodies.  Antibodies are the defense   The presence of antibodies means that the person or cat has been exposed; it does not necessarily mean that any disease occurred.  There are some estimates that about 50% of domestic cats in the United States have been exposed to toxoplasmosis. This does not mean that 50% of cats have an active infection with Toxoplasma. The presence of antibodies only means that exposure to the toxo organism has occurred in the past. However, the Companion Animal Parasite Council reports that the  prevalence of oocysts (infective shedding) in cats in the United States at a rate of approximately 1% In six surveys from different states in which more than 10 cats were included in all studies, oocyst shedding ranged from 0.0 to 6.6% (mean of 0.7%). In a study of over 200 cats, approximately 50 cats were infected and none of them were actively shedding infective Toxoplasmosis organisms. Positive antibody titers in cats in the U.S. range anywhere from 14% to 100% - these cats have been exposed but are non-infective.
agents of the immune system and are produced in response to immune system stimulation.

The CDC estimates that about 22.5% of the U.S. population 12 years and older have been infected with Toxoplasma. The Companion Animal Parasite Council reports that 11% of the U.S. population between the ages of 6 and 49 are seropositive (have antibodies to Toxoplasmosis). In France and Germany, approximately 80% of the population have been infected with Toxoplasmosis. In some regions of the world, particularly where the climate is hot and humid, up to 95% of the population has been infected with Toxoplasma.

How common is it in babies?

The disease toxoplasmosis occurs in about 400 to 4000 births per year in the US. About 4 million babies are born, each year - a rate of 0.01% (as few as 1-10 births out of 10,000 will be infected). Although this is indeed a real disease with dire consequences, it should be noted that its incidence is very small, especially in light of how many people have Toxoplasma antibodies.

How is it transmitted?

Although several species may develop the disease toxoplasmosis, including humans and dogs, the organism can only complete its life cycle in the domestic cat.  This means that the cat may be infected with the toxo organism and transmit it to other cats or to other species, including humans.  However, in order for this to occur the following must happen:

Toxoplasmosis life cycle

1.        The cat must be infected with the toxo organism, and most cats are not.  In order for this to occur, the cat must eat something infected with it.  It is most commonly available to the cat by ingestion of infected mice or infected raw or undercooked meats, especially pork or mutton.

2.        The cat must be shedding the toxo organism in its feces.  This occurs for only about a 10 day period.  It usually only occurs once in the cat's lifetime.  (In a few situations, the cat may shed the organism again; however, if that occurs, the number of organisms that are shed are so small that transmission is very unlikely.)

3.        The toxo organism must "incubate" in the cat's feces for 1-5 days before it is infective to humans.  This "incubation" must occur after the feces leaves the cat's body and have access to oxygen (i.e. in the litter box or in soil).

4.        The toxo organism must be swallowed by the person being infected.  It is not spread to humans through the air.

Raw or undercooked meat is a common source of Toxoplasmosis infection

The toxo organism may also be transmitted to humans by eating raw or undercooked meats, especially pork or mutton.  Since many hamburgers from fast-food restaurants are made of beef diluted with pork, most authorities feel that human infection occurs much more frequently by this method than by association with cats.  The incidence of toxo antibodies in U.S. veterinarians is not different than that of the rest of the population. None of our staff members who have been tested for Toxoplasmosis have tested positive, and we probably clean more litterboxes than all of our clients, combined!

What is involved in testing for toxoplasmosis?

We are frequently asked to test a cat that belongs to a pregnant woman for toxoplasmosis.  Pregnant women should know the following concerning toxoplasmosis testing.

1.         A screening test for toxo antibodies can be performed on both the pregnant woman and the cat.  A negative result means that the woman (and/or the cat) has not been exposed to the toxo organism.  However, it does not infer that either the woman or the cat has any immunity to toxoplasmosis in the event of a future exposure.  In fact, it means just the opposite.  Both are susceptible to infection.

2.        A single antibody titer that is positive, performed on the woman and/or the cat, means that there has been exposure to the toxo organism in the past or that there is an active infection of toxoplasmosis in progress.  In order to know which situation exists, a second test must be run 2-4 weeks later. 

a.        If the two tests give similar results, there has been an infection in the past and a certain degree of immunity exists. 

b.       If the second test is significantly higher that the first, there is a strong possibility that an active case of toxoplasmosis is in progress. 

c.        It is very important that both tests be performed by the same testing laboratory in order to properly compare results.

3. The direct means of documenting the possibility of transmission of toxoplasmosis requires that we microscopically examine a fecal sample from the cat looking for the oocysts (eggs) of the toxo organism.  Because these oocysts are very tiny (even under a microscope) and because the cat may not be shedding oocysts today but may do so in the future, multiple examinations must be done during the course of pregnancy, preferably once weekly.  This is not a very high yield procedure, meaning that it can be difficult to detect the parasites, and they can be missed by this diagnostic technique.

An unusual case of Toxoplasmosis

 In most cases of Toxoplasmosis, the cat is mildly ill and may not even produce symptoms worrisome enough for an owner to call the veterinarian. A few years ago, however, we saw a very unusual case involving Toxoplasmosis. A previously healthy, 4 year old male cat came to see us 9 months after he had a wellness exam with no concerns. He was an indoor-outdoor cat, and had previously had roundworms, so his owners brought in stool samples for checking very regularly. Most of the time, they were negative. In November, they brought T.C. to us as an emergency. He had been eating poorly and had been lethargic for a few days, but they had just found him collapsed and struggling to breathe. When they arrived at the hospital, he was unable to stand and his color was blue-gray instead of a healthy pink. His chest sounded as though it were full of fluid. He was immediately placed in an oxygen cage. He recovered enough for us to take him to the x-ray room and take one x-ray before he needed to return to the oxygen cage. His x-ray showed fluid in the chest, an enlarged heart and

Toxoplasmosis organisms inside a cell

other signs similar to congestive heart failure. Since his breathing was so labored, we were limited as to what we could do to him - he was too critical to remove from the oxygen cage for very long, even when offered an oxygen mask. Placing an oxygen mask caused him to struggle and breathe with even more difficulty. We gave him medications to try to ease his breathing and eliminate the fluid from his chest, however despite treatment, two hours after he entered the hospital, he stopped breathing and could not be resuscitated. Upon post-mortem examination, we found that he had Toxoplasmosis organisms infesting many of his major organs - heart, lungs, and kidneys. His stool sample was negative for Toxoplasmosis.

How can toxoplasmosis be prevented?

There are several practical means of preventing the transmission of toxoplasmosis. To review:

1.         Do not allow your cat to eat mice or poorly-cooked meat.  Feeding a commercial cat food and not allowing your cat outdoors virtually eliminates any possibility of the cat becoming infected.

2.         Clean all feces from your cat's litter box daily.  Even if the cat's feces is infected with toxo oocysts, they must incubate for 1-5 days before becoming infectious.  To be extra safe, do not let a pregnant woman clean the litter box.

3.         When working in soil (flower beds) that cats might use for defecation, wear gloves to keep from getting oocysts on your hands.

4.         Avoid eating raw or poorly-cooked meats.  Be especially careful of fast-food hamburgers.  Since this is probably more of a threat to your baby than your cat, special attention should be paid here.

5.         Keep children's sandboxes covered.  Outdoor cats will frequently use the sandbox for defecation.  Even if the feces are scooped out, the sandbox may remain contaminated with parasites.

SUMMARY

1.        Toxoplasmosis that affects babies is quite rare. (Incidence in the United States is 0.028% of all births.)   It is frequently referred to as "A Ladies Home Journal Disease."   (This magazine was the first widely-read publication to link toxoplasmosis and cats.)

2.        Feeding commercial cat food and keeping your cat indoors so it cannot catch mice will prevent spread of toxoplasmosis by your cat.

3.        Having someone other than a pregnant woman clean out the litter box daily will prevent spread of toxoplasmosis by your cat.

4.        Transmission from your cat to you requires that you swallow the toxo oocysts that have incubated in your cat's feces for 1-5 days.  Reasonable personal hygiene should be adequate to prevent that from occurring.

5.        Toxoplasmosis is transmitted more commonly in the United States via poorly cooked meat than by cats.

6.        Testing your cat's blood for toxoplasma antibodies is only meaningful if a positive test is followed 2-4 weeks later with another test.

Weekly testing of your cat's feces will more directly detect a cat that is capable of transmitting toxoplasmosis.

Additional resources:
Cat Parasite Affects Human Culture 
Latent Toxoplasmosis and Human 
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Feral Cats in Seoul, Korea 
Companion Animal Parasite Council Recommendations for Toxoplasma  
Toxoplasmosis in the Fetus and Newborn
CDC information on Toxoplasmosis and Pregnancy
Preventing Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Cornell Feline Health Center Information on Toxoplasmosis
International Cat Care Information on Toxoplasmosi

Heartworm infection in cats - it really is a worm, but it might not be in the heart!

Heartworms are exactly what they sound like – worms in the heart!  They are 9-11 inches long and live either in the heart or in the arteries that supply blood to the lungs.  Although they occur commonly in dogs, most people do not consider them to be a problem in cats.   However, recent studies have shown heartworms to be far more prevalent than previously thought. 

Heartworm Transmission             

Heartworms are transmitted by mosquitoes.  When a mosquito carrying baby heartworms (larvae)

bites a cat, the larvae are deposited under the cat’s skin.  The larvae then begin a long migration through the tissues, eventually reaching the heart.  They mature into adult heartworms about 6 months from the time they enter the cat.  The life span of an adult heartworm in a cat is about 2-3 years (in dogs, the worms may live 7 years or so). Cats are infected with heartworms only when bitten by a mosquito that is carrying heartworm larvae.  Cats that spend time outdoors are more likely to be exposed, but mosquitoes that enter our homes can be just as dangerous to our indoor-only friends. At Exclusively Cats Veterinary Hospital, we have seen several indoor-only cats that have developed severe illness related to heartworm infection.

Clinical Signs of Heartworm Disease

 

One of the difficulties in diagnosing heartworm disease in cats is that there are no specific or consistent signs of disease.  The disease in cats is also very different in cats than in dogs. So much so, in fact, that it has been given the name "Feline Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease" (or, H.A.R.D.). Immature heartworms in cause significant disease in the small arteries supplying the lungs in about 50% of cats that are infected - before any of the worms mature to adulthood. In some cases, the immature worms die 3-4 months after entering the arteries and cause a severe inflammatory reaction that may result in sudden death of the infected cat. If the worms and the cat survive past this initial phase, the worms act to suppress the cat's immune system.

For many months there may be little or no apparent changes in the cat.  However, as the worms mature, any heartworms that have reached the heart may begin to put strain on the heart muscle and cause a heart murmur, high blood pressure or increased heart rate (tachycardia). Infected cats may cough or have difficulty breathing, and they may be weak or lose weight. These signs of heartworm disease in cats may be easily mistaken for asthma, allergic bronchitis or other respiratory diseases.

Strangely, some cats with heartworms have a history of vomiting with no respiratory signs or signs of heart failure.  Some cats seem to be normal, then die suddenly.  This may occur due to the aforementioned reaction within the lungs to young heartworms or when the pumping action of the heart sends a worm or blood clot (thrombus) into the main arteries leading to the lungs (pulmonary arteries).  If these blood vessels become blocked, the cat will die suddenly.  Additionally, in cats, more so than dogs, the worms may migrate to unusual areas of the body, such as the abdominal cavity or the central nervous system.

The symptoms of heartworm associated respiratory disease are:

• anorexia
• coughing
• difficulty breathing (increased respiratory rate or effort)
• lethargy
• weight loss 
• vomiting
• rapid heart rate
• heart murmur
• blindness
• collapse
• convulsions
• diarrhea
• fainting
• sudden death

Diagnosis of Heartworm Disease      

There are two blood tests that are very helpful in diagnosing heartworm infections in cats, however neither test is conclusive on its own. 

                       

1)      Antibody test.  This test determines whether the cat’s immune system has been exposed to heartworms.  If a cat has ever been infected with heartworm disease in its lifetime, it will test positive, whether or not there are live worms in the cat's body at the time of testing. Therefore, a positive test result may indicate that an active infection is present, OR the cat has had heartworms in the past, but the heartworms have died.  This test is very sensitive, so it is used first. It will give a positive result as soon as 2 months after infection, but once the worm becomes an adult, the test may provide a false negative result, especially in cats with no clinical signs. If this antibody test is positive the next test is performed.

2)      Antigen test.  This test detects the presence of adult female worms.  It is very specific, and is considered the "gold standard" in dogs, but in cats, it is not as sensitive.  This test will not give a positive result in a cat until 5-8 months after infection. A positive antigen test means that heartworms are present, but a negative test does not mean that heartworms are absent.  Because the cat must have at least 2 adult female worms present to make this test positive, a negative antigen test may mean that the cat has only a small number of worms or that all of the worms present are male. A typical feline heartworm infection consists of 6 or fewer worms, with the majority of cats having only one or two worms in their body. This is still considered to be a "heavy" or "significant" infection. Approximately 1/3 of feline heartworm infections consist of only males or only females.

In summary, a diagnosis of heartworms is confirmed if both the antibody and antigen tests are positive.  However, a cat infected with heartworms can have a positive antibody test and a negative antigen test (if the heartworms are all male). 

Additional diagnostics may include the following:

3)      Eosinophil count.  Cats suspected of heartworm disease can be tested for their level of eosinophils.  Eosinophils are normal white blood cells that occur in increased numbers when certain parasites are present.  They are elevated in the presence of heartworms, but this elevation only occurs for a few months.  In addition, cats with intestinal parasites (“worms”) and allergies also commonly have increased eosinophil counts.

4)      Autopsy after sudden death.  Many cats show no clinical signs of illness before sudden death due to heartworm disease.

Radiographs               

Radiographs (x-rays) allow us to view the size and shape of the heart and measure the diameter of the pulmonary arteries.  Many cats with heartworms have an increased size of the pulmonary arteries.  Sometimes these arteries appear to come to a sudden stop (blunted) on their way to the lungs due to worms obstructing them, or the vessels may look twisted or "tortuous".  However, many cats with heartworms have no abnormalities on their radiographs, especially early in the infection. Additionally, cats with certain other parasites, such as Toxocara (roundworms) or Aleurostrongylus (lungworms) may have similar lung patterns.

Ultrasound                 

An ultrasound machine produces an image of internal organs and structures without the use of radiation.  With it, one is able to view the pulmonary arteries and internal structures of the heart.  In some cats the heartworms can be seen, but unfortunately most of the time they are not visible. This method of diagnosis is most accurate about 5 months after infection.

Treatment for Feline Heartworm Disease 

Dogs that have heartworms can be treated with a medication that kills the adult worms in the body.  Unfortunately, there is no such drug for cats.  Another problem is that when the heartworms die, they pass through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.  This can result in sudden death.  So… we have a dilemma when a cat is diagnosed with heartworms.  One of the following choices must be made:
 

1)      Treat with the drug designed for dogs.  This is not advised as this drug is not approved for cats, the medication is toxic at very low doses and the chance of complications and side effects is high. To date, no study has found a medical treatment to significantly increase the survival rate of cats with heartworm disease.

2)      Treat the symptoms of heartworm disease and hope the cat outlives the worms.  Since heartworms live in a cat for about 2-3 years, prolonged treatment is often needed.  When cats are in crisis, they are treated with oxygen, corticosteroids (“cortisone”) to relieve the reaction occurring in the pulmonary arteries and lungs, and if needed, drugs to remove fluid from the lungs (diuretics).  When cats are stable (not showing any signs of disease), they are treated continuously or periodically with corticosteroids, although the threat of an acute crisis or sudden death always exists. 

3)      Attempt to surgically remove as many worms as possible from the heart itself.  This surgery is very delicate and is quite risky from an anesthetic standpoint, although it has been successful in a number of cats.  Medical therapy is needed in addition to the surgery. 

Prevention                 

It is strongly recommended that all dogs take medications to prevent heartworms, and some of these medications have been formulated for cats.  Prevention of heartworms in cats is safe and easy.  The

reasons a preventative should be considered in your cat are:

1)      Diagnosing heartworms in cats is not as easy as it is in dogs. 

2)      Although heartworms in cats are not as common as they are in dogs, they are probably more common than we realize.  As we look more aggressively for heartworms in cats with better and better tests, we expect to find that the incidence is greater than we thought in the past. 

3)      There is no good treatment for heartworm disease in cats.  Effective drugs are not available, and cats that seem to be doing well may suddenly die.  Heartworm disease in cats is risky, and not treating these cats is just as risky. Even if treatment is successful in relieving symptoms, and even if the worms die in 2-3 years without incident, the cat may experience lifelong respiratory issues that require treatment.

4)      Heartworm prevention medication is safe for cats and kittens as young as 6 weeks.  They only have to be given once each month and they are formulated so that (most) cats will eat them readily. If a cat will not take an oral medication, topical monthly heartworm medications are also available.

5)      Indoor cats can get heartworms!  Because contact with mosquitoes is required for transmission, outdoor cats are more likely to be exposed.  However, about 25% of cats diagnosed with heartworms are reported by their owners to be indoors only.  This simply means that mosquitoes that come in the house are just as dangerous as the ones outdoors.

It is important to continue treating with heartworm preventives for 30-90 days after the end of heartworm season, since prevention works retroactively by flushing the system of any immature heartworms that have been introduced into the cat. For cats in Michigan, this usually means that they should be given preventive medication April through November or December. However, year-round prevention is likely the safest option. April is right around the corner, so make sure you check to see if you need to pick up some heartworm preventive!

Heartworm infection in cats can be a very serious and potentially fatal disease.  Fortunately, prevention is very easy and safe.  Please feel free to discuss any questions or concerns you have about heartworm disease or any other topics with the staff at EXCLUSIVELY CATS.

Thank you for allowing us to help you care for your cat!

Resources:
The American Heartworm Society Feline Guidelines

10 Poison Prevention Week Tips for your Cat

March 15-21 is National Poison Prevention Week. While cats are more likely to eat non-toxic items, such as ribbons and ear plugs (that are still a medical problem), there are still some cats that will eat other items that can be a problem due to a toxicity. To help prevent a poisoning incident, consider the following tips:

• If your cat takes medication regularly, keep the bottles hidden in a cupboard rather than out

  

  Pills are fun to catch, "kill" and eat.

  where the medication is accessible. If you need to have the medication out where you can see it to help remind you to give it, use a small weekly pill container, so that only a few pills are out and accessible, and make sure that the weekly pill holder is in an area that the cat cannot access. Keep the rest of the prescription behind closed doors.
• Be especially careful to keep chewable medications and vitamins out of reach (for humans or pets).
• Store human medications in a separate location from human medications to avoid confusing who gets which pill. Human prescription medications are the number one reason people call the Animal Poison Control Center, and over the counter human medications are the third most common reason. We have had phone calls from clients who have accidentally taken their pets' medication and calls from people who have accidentally given their own medication to their cat! If you drop a human medication on the floor, make sure to pick it up, immediately. Better yet, take your human medications over a counter or plate so that the medication never falls on the floor. We have had a few patients who have swooped in and stolen a toxic pill from the floor as their owner was reaching down to pick it up.
• Keep your purse, backpack or laptop bag out of reach of your cat. Many people carry

  

  Cats LOVE to get into bags, which can get them into trouble.

  medications, coins, batteries, various snacks, etc. in bags they carry around with them daily. If a pet can get into the bag, they have access to a wide array of things they should not eat! Additionally, we have had people who take their bags with them into homes with fleas bring fleas home to their own house and pets afterwards!
• Don't leave people food out where cats  can eat it! Many human foods are safe, but a number of foods that we can eat can be toxic to your cat. Chocolate is a toxin many people know of,

  

  Cats sometimes have strange ideas about what foods they want to eat

  however foods from the onion family, such as garlic, leeks, and scallions are also a concern for cat. Just like people can have adverse effects from drinking too much alcohol, cats can also suffer from intoxication and even coma and death from an alcoholic overdose.
• Keep flower arrangements and indoor plants out of reach of your cat. Some flowers are more toxic than others, and the beautiful members of the lily family are the most toxic of all. Even a small amount of pollen that a cat grooms off of its coat may be enough to cause kidney failure.
• If your cat goes outside, be sure to check with your neighbors to see if they use rodenticides. Additionally, find out if they use any insecticide sprays on their lawn, and on what schedule, so that you can make sure to keep your cat confined after a treatment has been applied. Also make sure to keep dog and cat parasite preventives separate - a number of products that are safe for dogs are toxic to cats. Only 11% of the 180,000 calls per year to the ASPCA Poison Control Center involve insecticides (that's about 20,000 cases of insecticide poisoning), but more than half of those cases involve cats. Many fertilizers may contain blood or bone meal or poultry manure, which can all be a cause for concern for your pets, as well.
• Keep your pet emergency phone numbers handy! Even better, take a minute right now and program the phone number of Exclusively Cats (248-666-5287), the ASPCA Poison Control Center (888-426-4435) and your favorite animal emergency hospital into your phone for easy access, if they are not there, already.
• Download the ASPCA Animal Poison Control's free app.

Want to know if the rumor you heard about a poisonous substance for pets is true? Check out the Animal Poison Control Center's "Okay or No Way!" list.

Here is some further information about poison prevention in cats:
Summer safety tips
Gardening with Cats
Lily Toxicity
Christmas Safety Tips

Meet Mr. March, 2015!

Devo

Age: 11 years
Breed: Domestic Shorthair
Gender: Neutered male
Weight: 12.2 pounds
Demeanor at the Veterinary Office: Cranky, but cooperative
Other feline friends: his sister, Sadie, an 11 year old black and white domestic shorthair

 Devo's mother says:
 Devo came into my life when he was just a few months old. He and and his sister Sadie were adopted from a local pet store. Devo has mainly been a laid back, silly, goofy, easy to care for boy. He has moved with me 5 times and has gone through many trials and tribulations with me! He is my best little buddy that I will love forever! His favorite things to do are lay and have his belly rubbed, sleeping on my lap and finding the most impossible places to rest (like the top of the China cabinets and above the refrigerator). His favorite treat is tuna fish on rare occasions. He likes looking out windows and the fresh air in the spring and summer.

Devo was just screened for the high blood pressure study that we are participating in as the 653rd cat screened since we started the study!